Mohammad Hazrati

Institution: National University of Singapore Centre for International Law

Period of stay: 12 October - 12 December 2026

Contact: mhazrati@nus.edu.sg

https://cil.nus.edu.sg/profile/?user=245

Profile: 

Dr Mohammad Hazrati is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for International Law (CIL), National University of Singapore (NUS). His research focuses on international energy law, climate change law, energy justice, just transition, and the intersections between international law, energy governance and human rights.

His research interests also include the governance of critical minerals, international investment law, climate litigation, and the role of international law in facilitating a just and sustainable energy transition.

Dr Hazrati has published extensively on energy and climate-related legal issues. He is the co-author of "The Rise of Restorative Justice in the Energy Transition and for Climate Mitigation" (Palgrave Macmillan, 2024) and has contributed to several edited volumes and academic journals addressing energy justice, climate change and international law.

He is currently editing "Conceptualising International Energy Law", a forthcoming volume with Cambridge University Press. His current research examines the conceptual foundations of international energy law, with particular attention to its development as a distinct field of international law.

Research Area:

International Energy Law, International Climate Change Law, and Just Transition

Research Title:

Conceptualising International Energy Law

Research Outline:

International energy law has developed significantly over recent decades, reflecting the growing importance of energy in international relations, economic development, environmental protection and climate change mitigation. However, despite an expanding body of legal scholarship, its conceptual foundations, scope, structure and normative orientation remain insufficiently defined.

This research seeks to contribute to the conceptualisation of international energy law as a distinct field of international law. It examines the evolution of the field, its sources, objectives and underlying principles, and its relationship with other established branches of international law, including international environmental law, international economic law, international investment law and international human rights law.

A central question is whether international energy law possesses a sufficiently coherent legal and normative framework to be recognised as a distinct field, rather than merely a collection of rules drawn from different areas of international law.

The project also considers how the global energy transition, climate change and evolving patterns of international energy governance are reshaping the field's boundaries, objectives and future development.

Publications:

1. Mohammad Hazrati, Governing Critical Minerals for a Just Energy Transition in ASEAN: Insights from the EU (https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgag009), Oxford Open Climate Change (22 September 2026).

2. Raphael Heffron, Zeynab Malakouti and Mohammad Hazrati, Advancing a Hierarchy of Human Rights for Energy Justice (https://academic.oup.com/jwelb/article-abstract/19/1/jwag006/8740674), Journal of World Energy Law and Business (23 July 2026).

3. Mohammad Hazrati and Nivedita S, Towards a Human Rights-Based ASEAN Approach to Governing Critical Energy Transition Minerals(https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02646811.2026.2616170), Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law (11 February 2026).

4. Zeynab Malakouti and Mohammad Hazrati, Decarbonising Shipping: Does the EU ETS Ensure a Just Transition? (https://brill.com/view/journals/clla/15/3-4/article-p342_006.xml), Climate Law (18 February 2026).

5. Diane Kraal, Raphael J Heffron, Mohammad Hazrati, Halima Hussein and Alicia Phillips, [Energy Policy Distractions to Renewable Programs: A Comparative Assessment](https://sustainableearthreviews.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s420…), Sustainable Earth Reviews (15 July 2025).

6. Zeynab Malakouti and Mohammad Hazrati, Interconnected Challenges: Examining the Nexus of Environmental Crimes, Financial Offenses, and Energy Transition in a Global Context(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949791425000272), Journal of Economic Criminology (June 2025).

7. Mohammad Hazrati, others, Pathways of Scholarship for Energy Justice and the Social Contract(https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2023.2190689), Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law (2023) 41(2), 211–232.

8. Mohammad Hazrati and Raphael Heffron, Conceptualizing Restorative Justice in the Energy Transition: A Review and a Fossil Fuel Case Study Perspective(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621002085), Energy Research & Social Science (2021) 78, 102–115.

9. Mohammad Hazrati, Three Stages of Justice in the Fossil Fuel Industries(https://doi.org/10.3366/gels.2021.0053), Global Energy Law and Sustainability (2021) 2(2), 136–163.

10. Mohammad Hazrati and Zeynab Malakouti, An Unclear Future for Iranian Energy Transition in Light of the Re-imposition of Sanctions(https://www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=3810), Oil, Gas & Energy Law (OGEL), Special Issue on Energy Law and Regulation in Low-Carbon and Transitional Energy Markets (January 2019).

11. Mohammad Hazrati and Nivedita S (eds), Conceptualising International Energy Law (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2027).

12. Mohammad Hazrati, Denise Cheong and Nivedita S, A Systematic Literature Review of International Energy Law, in Mohammad Hazrati and Nivedita S (eds), Conceptualising International Energy Law (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2027).

13. Raphael Heffron, Lorna Greening and Mohammad Hazrati, United Kingdom: The Energy Sector Through Privatization to Low-Carbon and Brexit(https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-032-18458-0_6), in Patrice Geoffron, Lorna A Greening and Raphael J Heffron (eds), Energy Policymaking in a Cross-national Comparison: Energy Resources, Policy Processes and Law (Springer, May 2026).

14. Mohammad Hazrati, Social Acceptance for Renewable Energy Technologies: The Role of the Energy Justice Framework, in Raphael Heffron and Louis De Fontenelle (eds), The Power of Energy Justice (Springer, December 2023).

15. Mohammad Hazrati and Tedd Moya Mose, Is Energy Justice in the Fossil Fuel Industry a Paradox?, in Geoffrey Wood, Keith J Baker and Peter Strachan (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Fossil Fuels and Energy Transitions (Palgrave Macmillan, November 2019).

For a complete list of publications, please visit my [Google Scholar profile] https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=f5arLQgAAAAJ&hl=en

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